The Buggy Path t o The Development of Programming Expertise Roy D . Pea Bank Street College
نویسندگان
چکیده
In the U.S. over a million precollege students take computer programming courses each year. and more than 50,000 teachers are involved with programming instruction. Unlike mathematics education , in which decades of research have led to a deepening understanding of the development of early number acquisition. algebraic cognition. and geometric problem-solving, cognitive research on the development of programming skills is an infant field. Nonetheless. a broad range of investigations within the last five years. as well as informal reports from programming educators in practitioner journals and at national meetings of NECC and AERA, have begun to illustrate the host of conceptual difficulties programming novices encounter in learning to program. For programming, as in other domains from mathematics to the physical and engineering sciences, students are engaged through their learning activities in actively building a knowledge system of concepts and procedural skills. This domain-specific constructivist orientation is a pervasive component of modern cognitive science theories of learning (e.g., Glaser. 1984) and has been applied successfully to school learning of various topics in mathematics and One phenomenon that such an orientation is designed to explain is the nature of student "errors" or "miscon-ceptions." i.e., faulty answers to problems posed in the domain of study. Although some "errors" are slips in the mechanics of problem solving, it now appears that most faulty answers arise from systematic applications of the knowledge a student currently does have to the problem at hand. If one looks closely enough at the distribution of a
منابع مشابه
Dry Matter Intake and Digestibility in Weast African Dwarf Goats Fed Raw or Processed Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan) Seed
Four West African Dwarf (WAD) grower bucks averaging 6 kg in weight and aged between 5-6 months of age were used in a digestive trial to determine the intake and digestibility of raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal based diets. The diets designated RPBD, SPBD, TPBD and BPBD were formulated from cassava peel, palm kernel cake, brewers dry grain, bone meal and common salt to contain 15% of raw,...
متن کاملAboveground to root biomass ratios in pea and vetch after treatment with organic fertilizer
Some growth parameters of pea (cv. Pleven 4) and vetch (cv. Obrazets 666) after treatment with organic fertilizer were studied in a field trial carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria. Humustim as organic fertilizer was applied through presowing treatment of seeds, treatment during vegetation and combination between both, at different doses. Ratios of aboveground weight t...
متن کاملNutrient Intake and Digestibility by West African Dwarf (WAD) Sheep Fed Graded Levels of Pigeon Pea Seed Meal
A study was carried out to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility by West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep fed graded levels of dietary pigeon pea seed meal (PSM). Four diets designated A, B, C and D were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels of PSM, respectively. Four WAD rams aged between 15 and 17 months and weighing between 16 and 19 kg were used to conduct digestibility study in a 4...
متن کاملHeuristic and Formal Methods in Automatic Program Debugging
I . I n t r o d u c t i o n TALUS acts as the domain expert of an intelligent tu tor ing system to teach LISP. A complete intelligent tutor ing system would include a student model, a dialog manager, courseware, and additional domain expertise. Input to TALUS consists of one or more student functions intended to solve an assigned task. Typical tasks include REVERSE, MEMBER, U N I O N , I N T E ...
متن کامل